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Welcome to eGyanKosh’s Unit-11: Energy Flow and Material Cycling, a comprehensive study resource designed to enhance your understanding of essential ecological processes. As part of the IGNOU curriculum for 2025, this material delves into the critical concepts of how energy flows through ecosystems and the cyclical nature of materials that sustain life on Earth. Drawing on a wealth of academic insights, this unit provides an in-depth exploration of energy transfer, trophic levels, and biogeochemical cycles, equipping you with the knowledge necessary for success in your studies. Best of all, this valuable resource is available for free download, making quality education accessible to all. Join us on this educational journey to deepen your grasp of these fundamental ecological principles!